I wrote a blog entry for Housing Medford recently about infrastructure impacts and how they are accounted for by things like development fees/impact fees/linkage fees.

The way these cost structures look varies from municipality to municipality. For instance, for any new single family home in Toronto, a developer can expect to pay >$100k in fees.

In other jurisdictions like my current home of Medford, Massachusetts, however, these fees are only levied for certain types of development and are typically much lower.

Check it out here.